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Documentation Index

Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://mintlify.com/khaphanspace/gonhanh.org/llms.txt

Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

Overview

Vietnamese (Tiếng Việt) uses the Latin-based Quốc Ngữ writing system with extensive diacritics to represent tones and special vowels. Understanding this system is essential for implementing Vietnamese input methods.

Alphabet

Vietnamese Alphabet (29 letters)

UppercaseLowercaseName
Aaa
Bb
Cc
Dd
Eee
Gggiê
Hhhát
Iii
Kkca
Lle-lờ
Mmem-mờ
Nnen-nờ
Ooo
Pp
Qqcu/quy
Rre-rờ
Ssét-sì
Tt
Uuu
Vv
Xxích-xì
Yyi dài
The letters F, J, W, Z are not part of the Vietnamese alphabet but appear in loanwords and foreign names.

Vowel System

Simple Vowels (12)

PositionFrontCentralBack
Highiưu
Mid-highêơô
Mid-loweâ, ăo
Lowa

Diphthongs (27 patterns)

First vowel is glide, second is main vowel:
PatternIPAExamplesNotes
ia/iə/kia, mía, líaOpen vowel
/iə/tiên, kiên, liênCompound vowel
ua/uə/mua, cua, luaOpen vowel
/uə/muốn, cuốn, luônCompound vowel
ưa/ɨə/mưa, cửa, lửaOpen vowel
ươ/ɨə/mương, người, đượcCompound vowel
First vowel is main, second is semi-vowel ending:
PatternIPAExamples
ai/aj/hai, mai, tai
ay/aj/hay, may, say
ây/əj/đây, cây, mây
oi/ɔj/coi, đói, nói
ôi/oj/tôi, hội, đối
ơi/əːj/bơi, chơi, rơi
ui/uj/núi, dui, cúi
ưi/ɨj/gửi, lửi
iu/iw/dịu, kíu, tiu
PatternIPAExamples
ao/aw/cao, sao, nao
au/aw/sau, mau, dâu
âu/əw/đâu, câu, sâu
êu/ew/kêu, rêu, nêu
eo/ɛw/keo, theo, treo
ưu/ɨw/lưu, hưu, ngưu
First vowel is glide (not main vowel):
PatternIPAGlideMainExamplesCondition
oa/wa/oahoa, toa, loaAfter consonant
/wa/oăxoắn, loắt, hoặcAfter consonant
oe/wɛ/oekhoe, xoe, toeAfter consonant
/wə/uêhuệ, tuệ
uy/uj/uyquy, huy, tuy
/wə/uâluân, tuân, quânRare
Special case: “ua”
  • After “q” (qua, quả): u is glide, a is main → tone on a
  • Open syllable without “q” (mua, cua): u is main, a is semi-vowel → tone on u
  • Closed syllable with final (chuẩn, thuận): u is glide, â is main → tone on â

Triphthongs (10 patterns)

PatternIPAStructureExamplesTone position
iêu/iəw/i + ê + utiêu, kiều, liêuê (middle)
yêu/iəw/y + ê + uyêu, yếuê (middle)
oai/waj/o + a + ingoài, loại, hoàia (middle)
oay/waj/o + a + yxoay, ngoáya (middle)
oeo/wɛw/o + e + okhoèo, ngoẹoe (middle)
uây/uəj/u + â + ykhuấy, quậyâ (middle)
uôi/uəj/u + ô + icuối, tuổi, buổiô (middle)
ươi/ɨəj/ư + ơ + imười, tươi, lườiơ (middle)
ươu/ɨəw/ư + ơ + urượu, hươu, bướuơ (middle)
uyê/uiə/u + y + êkhuyên, chuyên, quyềnê (final)

Consonant System

Initial Consonants

ConsonantIPAPositionMannerExamples
b/ɓ/LabialImplosiveba, bé
c/k/VelarStopca, có
d/z/ (N) /j/ (S)AlveolarFricativeda, dê
đ/ɗ/AlveolarImplosiveđi, đó
g/ɣ/VelarFricativegà, gỗ
h/h/GlottalFricativehoa, hát
k/k/VelarStopkéo, kê
l/l/AlveolarLateralla, lá
m/m/LabialNasalma, mẹ
n/n/AlveolarNasalna, nói
p/p/LabialStoppin (loan)
q/k/VelarStop (always qu)qua, quê
r/z/ (N) /r/ (S)AlveolarTrill/Fricativera, rồi
s/s/AlveolarFricativesa, sao
t/t/AlveolarStopta, tôi
v/v/LabiodentalFricativeva, về
x/s/AlveolarFricativexa, xanh

Final Consonants

ConsonantIPAExamples
c/k/các, học
ch/c/ách, ích
m/m/cam, tâm
n/n/can, tân
ng/ŋ/cang, tang
nh/ɲ/anh, inh
p/p/cập, tập
t/t/cát, tất
k/k/Ethnic minority namesĐắk Lắk

Orthographic Rules

C before: a, ă, â, o, ô, ơ, u, ư
K before: e, ê, i, y
Q always with U: qu

Examples:
✓ ca, cô, cu, căn, cơm
✓ kẻ, kê, ki, ký
✓ qua, quê, quy, quả
✗ ce, ci (must use: ke, ki)
✗ ka, ko (must use: ca, co)
G before: a, ă, â, o, ô, ơ, u, ư
GH before: e, ê, i

Examples:
✓ gà, gỗ, gương
✓ ghe, ghế, ghi
✗ ge, gi (if /ɣ/ sound, must use: ghe, ghi)
Note: "gi" is a separate consonant /z/, not /ɣ/
NG before: a, ă, â, o, ô, ơ, u, ư
NGH before: e, ê, i

Examples:
✓ ngày, ngồi, ngủ, ngưng
✓ nghe, nghề, nghỉ, nghĩa
✗ nge, ngi (must use: nghe, nghi)
✗ ngha, ngho (must use: nga, ngo)

Tone System

Six Tones

#NameMarkIPAContourExampleDescription
1Ngang(none)/ma˧/˧ (33)maLevel, mid
2Huyền`/ma˨˩/˨˩ (21)Falling, low
3Sắc´/ma˧˥/˧˥ (35)Rising, high
4Hỏỉ/ma˧˩˧/˧˩˧ (313)mảDipping
5Ngã~/ma˧˥ˀ/˧˥ˀ (35ˀ)Rising, glottalized
6Nặng̣/ma˧˩ˀ/˧˩ˀ (21ˀ)mạFalling, glottalized

Tone Contours Visualization

High  5 ──────────────────●━━━━━━  Sắc (35)
      4 ─────────────────/───────
Mid   3 ────●━━━━━━━━━━━/━━━━━━━━  Ngang (33)
      2 ─────────────────────────
Low   1 ─────────────────────────

High  5 ─────────────────────────
      4 ─────────────────────────
Mid   3 ────●━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
      2 ────────\────────────────  Huyền (21)
Low   1 ─────────●━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

High  5 ─────────────────────────
      4 ─────────────────────────
Mid   3 ────●━━━━━━━━━━━━━●━━━━━━  Hỏi (313)
      2 ────────\────────/───────
Low   1 ─────────●━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Tone Placement Rules

Diacritics are placed on the main vowel (âm chính) of the syllable.

Single Vowel

Place on that vowelExamples: bá, bà, bả, bã, bạ

Double Vowel + Final

Place on 2nd vowelExamples: hoán, muốn, giác

Double Vowel + No Final

Place on 1st vowel (or vowel with diacritic)Examples: hòa, mưa, sứa

Triple Vowel

Place on middle vowelExamples: tiêu, oai, ươi
Priority rule: If a vowel has a diacritic (ă, â, ê, ô, ơ, ư), the tone mark goes on that vowel.

Input Methods

Telex

KeyFunctionResult
aaaâ (circumflex)
eeeê (circumflex)
oooô (circumflex)
whorn/breveơ, ư, ă
dddđ (stroke)
Examples:
  • VietnamVieejtViệt
  • duocduowcdươc
  • duowcjđược

VNI

KeyFunctionResult
6circumflexâ, ê, ô
7hornơ, ư
8breveă
9strokeđ
Examples:
  • VietnamVie65tViệt
  • duocdu7o7cdươc
  • du7o7c5được

Phonotactic Constraints

Vietnamese has strict phonotactic rules that determine valid syllable structures.

No Consonant Clusters

Vietnamese does not allow consonant clusters within a syllable:
INVALID - English/French-style clusters:
├── *l combinations: bl, cl, fl, gl, pl, sl
│   └── ✗ "black" → must borrow: "blắc" or "bờ-lắc"
├── *r combinations: br, cr, dr, fr, gr, pr, str
│   └── ✗ "press" → must borrow: "prét" or "pờ-rét"
├── s* combinations: sc, sk, sm, sn, sp, st, sw
│   └── ✗ "stop" → must borrow: "xtốp"
└── Final clusters: -nt, -nd, -lt, -lk, -mp, -sk...
    └── Only allowed: -c, -ch, -m, -n, -ng, -nh, -p, -t

Tone + Final Consonant Restrictions

Rule: Syllables ending in p, t, c, ch can only have sắc or nặng tones:
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│         TONE + STOP FINAL CONSTRAINT           │
├────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                                                │
│  Final    Valid Tones       Invalid Tones     │
│  ─────    ───────────       ──────────────    │
│  -p       sắc, nặng         ngang, huyền,     │
│  -t       sắc, nặng         hỏi, ngã          │
│  -c       sắc, nặng                           │
│  -ch      sắc, nặng                           │
│                                                │
│  -m, -n   ALL tones         (no restriction)  │
│  -ng, -nh ALL tones         (no restriction)  │
│                                                │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

EXAMPLES:
✓ cấp, cập (sắc, nặng + p)
✓ mát, mạt (sắc, nặng + t)
✗ cảp, cãp, cap, càp (other tones + p)
✗ mảt, mãt, mat, màt (other tones + t)

Vowel + Final Restrictions

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│        VOWEL + FINAL CONSONANT CONSTRAINTS      │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                                                 │
│  Final -ch: only after a, ê, i                 │
│  ├── ✓ ách, êch, ich (sách, bếch, ích)        │
│  └── ✗ ôch, ơch, uch, ưch                      │
│                                                 │
│  Final -nh: only after a, ê, i, y              │
│  ├── ✓ anh, ênh, inh, ynh                     │
│  └── ✗ ônh, ơnh, unh, ưnh                      │
│                                                 │
│  Final -ng: not after e, ê                     │
│  ├── ✓ ang, ăng, âng, ong, ông, ơng, ung, ưng │
│  └── ✗ eng, êng (use -nh instead: anh, ênh)   │
│                                                 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

References:
  • Vietnamese Phonology (Wikipedia)
  • Vietnamese Alphabet (Wikipedia)
  • Quốc Ngữ Writing System
  • IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet